Title of Shoghi Rabbání, great-grandson of Bahá’u’lláh, appointed by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith. Born in Acre on 1 March 1897, Shoghi Effendi was a student at Oxford at the time of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s passing in 1921. For the next thirty-six years as Head of the Bahá’í Faith, he guided the religion’s worldwide expansion and the evolution of Bahá’í Administration, developed and extended the Bahá’í World Center in the twin cities of Haifa and Acre in the Holy Land, translated many works by Bahá’u’lláh and an important history of the Bábís, and wrote thousands of letters as well as a history of the first hundred years of the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths. On 4 November 1957 he died during a visit to London, leaving no successor as Guardian, and was buried in the New Southgate Cemetery in north London. The institution of the Hands of the Cause of God, whose membership and role Shoghi Effendi had developed in the five years before his death, assumed the responsibility for guiding the affairs of the Bahá’í Faith from 1957 until the election in 1963 of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing council of the Bahá’í administrative order.